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Atlas

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  1. Halachos of Shabbos Goyim [non-Jews]

    Summarized by Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer

    A. General Principles

    1) It is prohibited to tell, or even hint in a way that infers a command, to

    a goy to do any Melacha d'Orysa [activity prohibited by the Torah] or

    d'Rabbanan [prohibited by the Talmud] on Shabbos.

    2) It is permissible, however, to hint in a way that does not infer a

    command to a goy to do a Melacha [prohibited activity] on Shabbos; and it

    is permissible to hint, even in a way that infers a command, to a goy

    either before Shabbos to do a Melacha on Shabbos, or on Shabbos to do a

    Melacha after Shabbos.

    3) In any event, it is forbidden for a Jew to derive direct benefit from any

    Melacha done for him by a goy on Shabbos.

    4) Examples:

    a. It is permissible to say to a goy on Shabbos: "It's hard to sleep when

    the light is on in the room," but not: "Why didn't you turn off my light

    last Shabbos."

    b. It is permissible to say: "I can't read because there isn't enough

    light," or: "The house isn't lit up enough because only one candle is

    burning," but not: "Do me a favor, there's not enough light in the room."

    If there was previously no light at all in the room, it is prohibited to

    derive benefit from the Melacha of the goy even bemakom mitzva [when doing

    so will enable the performance of a mitzva].

    c. It is permissible to say: "I have no torn toilet paper" (since the paper

    may be used, albeit with difficulty, uncut).

    d. Before Shabbos it is permissible to say to a goy : "Why didn't you want

    last week to open the letters which came for me on Shabbos?"

    B. For a Sick Person

    5) For a sick person's needs, one may tell a goy explicitly even to do a

    Melacha d'Orysa.

    6) The category of sick people is extended to include people who are

    suffering from cold weather conditions that require heating or hot weather

    conditions that require air conditioning.

    C. To Save Seforim [Holy Books]

    7) To save seforim, including mezuzos affixed to houses, one may tell a goy

    explicitly even to do a Melacha d'Orysa.

    D. Cases where a Great Loss may be Sustained

    8) In cases where great losses [to the principal] may be sustained it is

    permissible to hint, even in a way that infers a command, to a goy even to

    do a Melacha d'Orysa. Example: "Anyone who puts out the fire won't lose."

    E. Cases where a Goy may be told Outright to do a Melacha D'Rabbanan

    9) In the following cases a goy may be told outright to do a Melacha

    d'Rabbanan [activity prohibited by the Talmud]:

    a. Potential great loss; b. great need; c. Need of a mitzvah; d. Arrival of

    unanticipated guests; e. Results of the d'Rabbanan Melacha could have been

    achieved by a Jew without any Melacha having been committed; f. Saving

    objects other than seforim from a fire.

    10) Examples:

    a. Taking a siddur to shul where there is no eruv [enclosure to permit

    carrying]; b. Removing chametz on Pesach from the house; c. Carrying a

    valuable object that is muktzeh [may not be moved on Shabbos] to a safe

    place.

    F. Needs so that the Masses are Kept from Sinning

    11) If the only way to prevent the masses from sinning is by telling a goy

    to do a Melacha d'Orysa, it is permissible to do so.

    G. If the Goy will do a Melacha D'Orysa, but not at Your Request

    12) Even if one knows that a goy will do a Melacha d'Orysa in the course of

    fulfilling a request (i.e., the goy is asked to wash the dishes, and he

    will heat up water to do so), nonetheless, since this Melacha is not

    inherent in this activity, it is permissible to make such a request.

    H. Twilight

    13) In the twilight period at the beginning of Shabbos [bein HaShemashos]

    one may tell a goy explicitly even to do a Melacha D'Orysa, if the need is

    great, or it is necessary for Shabbos or for a mitzva.

    I. Payment, Employment, and Work for Self

    14) One may pay a goy for work he did on Shabbos for a Jew which was

    permissible, but monetary compensation should not be given until after

    Shabbos.

    15) One's nonÄJewish employee may not do work for him on Shabbos, unless the

    goy is working then solely for the purpose of gaining free time for himself

    on a weekday. Even then, the work may only be done on the goy 's own

    premises.

    16) One may tell a goy even to do a Melacha d'Orysa [activity prohibited by

    the Torah] for his (the goy's) own good, as long as the Jew does not

    explicitly tell the goy to use his (the Jew's) appliances to do that

    Melacha .

    J. Benefit from the Goy's Melacha D'Orysa

    17) If there is direct benefit to a Jew from a Melacha d'Orysa performed by

    a goy for him on Shabbos, pleasure from that benefit is prohibited for a

    Jew until enough time to have completed that Melacha if it had been begun

    after Shabbos has elapsed [bekedai she ya aseh].

    18) Examples:

    a. If a Jew directed a goy to do a D'Orysa Melacha on Shabbos, the

    prohibition of benefit is so severe, that if, for instance the goy turned

    on a light, the Jew must leave the room so as not to derive pleasure from

    the Melacha .

    b. If the goy did the Melacha d'Orysa without being asked, but did so for

    the benefit of a Jew, then the Jew must protest.If he did not protest, the

    Jew may derive indirect benefit from the Melacha ; i.e., carry on a

    conversation by the light, but not read thereby.

    c. If the goy did not heed the protest, and nevertheless turned on the

    light, the Jew may even read thereby.

    d. Similarly, if a goy cooked food for a Jew on Shabbos, that food is

    muktzeh and no Jew may partake of it until until enough time to have

    completed that Melacha if it had been begun after Shabbos has elapsed

    [bekedai she ya aseh].

    e. If the Melacha d'Orysa that was performed was Hotza ah [forbidden

    carrying in an unenclosed area] there is no need to wait until enough time

    to have completed that Melacha if it had been begun after Shabbos has

    elapsed [bekedai she ya aseh]

    19) A healthy Jew may derive benefit from a Melacha done by a goy for a sick

    person as long as: a) the goy did not do any extra Melacha for the benefit

    of the healthy Jew; and, B) the product of the Melacha is not hjqvm.

    20) Even if these conditions are not met, there is no need to wait until

    enough time to have completed that Melacha if it had been begun after

    Shabbos has elapsed [bekedai she ya aseh].

    21) Melacha done by a goy for his own or another goy 's benefit follows the

    same parameters outlined in # 19Ä20.

    22) Examples:

    a. A light turned on by a goy for his own use (even if it is in order to do

    permissible work for a Jew); b. Water heated in a hotel or other setting

    where it is clear that the goy has no knowledge of, or is not concerned

    with, individual Jewish patrons.

    K. Benefit from Melacha done for both Jews and Goyim

    23) If the majority of people, or even a significant minority (i.e., that

    the Melacha may be intended for them) of the population for whom a goy does

    Melacha are Jewish, the Melacha is considered to have been done for the

    Jews.

    24) If the majority of people, or even a significant minority of the

    population for whom a goy does Melacha are goyim (i.e., that the Melacha

    may be intended solely for them), the Melacha is considered to have been

    done for the goyim. In cases of a 50Ä50% population, the Melacha is

    considered to have been done for the Jews.

    25) Examples of Ramifications:

    Heat, light, and elevator use in Apartment Buildings (Note: an additional

    factor of Mar ees Ayin [other Jews noticing the activity, not realizing

    that in this case it is permissible, and extrapolating to other cases where

    it may well be impermissible] may be involved in elevator use.); Traveling

    by ship on Shabbos.

    L. Indirect Benefit from the Goy's Melacha

    26) Indirect benefit from the Melacha of a goy is permissible.

    27) Examples:

    a. Reading a letter which was inside an envelope opened by a goy on Shabbos

    (it is therefore permissible to hint to a goy in a way that does not infer

    a command to open a letter which it is permissible to read on Shabbos).

    b.Eating food which was inside a can opened by a goy on Shabbos (it is

    therefore permissible to hint to a goy in a way that does not infer a

    command to open a can on Shabbos, even if one personally refrains from

    doing so).

    c. Reading in a room in which prior to the goy 's lighting candles it was

    possible to read, at least with difficulty.

    M. Benefit from the Goy's Melacha D'Rabbanan

    28) If there is direct benefit to a Jew from a Melacha d'Rabbanan [activity

    prohibited by the Talmud] performed by a goy for him on Shabbos, pleasure

    from that benefit is prohibited for that Jew and all members of his

    household until until enough time to have completed that Melacha if it had

    been begun after Shabbos has elapsed [bekedai she ya aseh]. Any other Jew

    may derive pleasure from that Melacha immediately. The product of the

    Melacha is not considered Muktzeh even for the Jew for whom the Melacha was

    done.

    29) Examples of Ramifications:

    Objects brought from beyond the 2000 amos one is permitted to travers on

    Shabbos [michutz latechum]; through a d'Rabbanan [prohibited by the Talmud]

    public domain [Reshus haRabbim];or bought on Shabbos. Note: i.e., a

    newspaper. See, however, above, # 18e.

    N. Pesik Reisha [Automatic Result]

    30) It is permissible to direct a goy to do some act even if a Melacha will

    result automatically (even a Melacha d'Orysa [activity prohibited by the

    Torah]), i.e., telling him to open a refrigerator door even though the

    motor or light will turn on as a result; or to put a cold, but already

    cooked, pot of food to heat up on a stove which will turn on automatically.

    O. Telephone Conversations

    31) One may carry on a long distance telephone conversation with a goy even

    if the goy is located in a time zone where it is already or still Shabbos.

    Source: Shemiras Shabbos k'Hilchasa Chaps. 30-31.

    Return to National Education Program Page

  2. JUNE 1756. 1 TUESDAY. Drank Tea at the Majors. The Reasoning of Mathematicians is founded on certain and infallible Principles. Every Word they Use, conveys a determinate Idea, and by accurate Definitions they excite the same Ideas in the mind of the Reader that were in the mind of the Writer. When they have defined the Terms they intend to make use of, they premise a few Axioms, or Self evident Principles, that every man must assent to as soon as proposed. They then take for granted certain Postulates, that no one can deny them, such as, that a right Line may be drawn from one given Point to another, and from these plain simple Principles, they have raised most astonishing Speculations, and proved the Extent of the human mind to be more spacious and capable than any other Science.

    Go fish.

  3. Sorry folks, both pics are chopped.

    The hands are completely different in each pic.

    The paint pic hands are much younger, while the pink top pic hands are older/more veiny.

    Also, the right side of the glasses in both are giveaways, and commonly overlooked when chopping pics - the background through the lens is different from the actual background on both.

    The paint pic there is very deep shadow from the flash to the left and back, yet through the lens of her glasses it's light.

    The pink top pic is similar - her hair is hanging down creating a dark area, but through the lens of her glasses it's light.

    There are also a number of blurred areas around her face where the clone tool was used to blend the composited face to the existing head.

    Great rack on both, though, amirite?

    And that crocheted top is knee-weakeningly hot.

    Same rack on both. Notice the veins showing through the skin on the left tit in both pics.

  4. That is ridiculous. You think she is hot? Ha.

    I stand by what I originally posted: "I'm serious about this. She may not be the most beautiful woman on Earth, but she is truly elegant." She carries herself very well. She is in good physical condition. Has pleasing features and an abundance of charismatic charm.

    If she ever gets tired of the professional teleprompter reader she married, she can look me up. ;)

    I recall when someone tried posting dirt about her during the election season, I simply posted a picture of Hillary's spouse without comment.

  5. michelle-obama-white-house-portrait.jpg

    ....Elegant, she is...very much so, overall very healthy and energetic appearance......I love all of her gowns too.......

    In comparison to the mangy sleaze we see posted here, she is above them from the soles of her shoes.

  6. You know how I know you've never read the book? Orwell was basically transposing what was going on in the Soviet Union at the time, to this fictional place called Oceania in "1984"

    Really? Sure he wasn't aiming closer to home? Read the introductory chapter of Grundlagen zur Zeitgeschichte by Germar Rudolf.

  7. sam_adams-imperial_white.jpg

    Caveat emptor! If I regain consciousness, I will give you an analysis. :o

    I just noticed that the label in the image says 8.3% ABV. Mine says 10.3 ABV. I still have cobwebs in my head. As far as I can recall, it was a decent brew.

  8. Since the latest statistics for my Y-DNA test show Puerto Rico to have the highest percent of exact 12-marker matches of any population, followed by Portugal, Wales, Canada, and Iceland in that order, I decided to have a look at what my Puerto Rican cousins look like.

    imgname--scandal_on_miss_puerto_rico_beauty_pageant---50226711--Ingrid_Marie_Rivera.jpg

    amd_puerto%20rico.jpg

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